Hi,
Thank you for the details!
It is unfortunately an issue related to one of the WPML core hooks wpml_permalinl. While we are using it correctly, it still returns incorrect strings for some reason. Yesterday someone else reported something similar, which we seemingly managed to resolve by editing the plugin code yet again.
Please try the following tweaks first.
If those does not work, then I’m afraid the only solution is to try to implement the same change as we did yesterday, and hope it works.