Okay, I think I found something that may help you greatly.
After some debugging, I found if I disable the plugin shortcode then it starts working. Then I tried to replace the plugin shortcode with an empty function, and it still was happening.
So to validate, I have deactivated our plugin Ajax Search Pro created a completely random shortcode [test_shortcode] via this code:
add_shortcode('test_shortcode', function(){return "";});
Whenever I placed this shortcode to the editor still breaks. The issue is therefore luckily not related to ajax search pro, because it can be replicated even when the plugin is uninstalled.
Seems like something (maybe the other plugin?) is creating a conflic with shortcode execution in the Divi editor.