Hi!
It’s not possible right now. I understand your point, but the problem is that the posts (or custom post types) are not categorized by taxonomies (Importane, Inventor, Parent Status) but by taxonomy terms (Patent Pending, Patented etc..) on database level.
Even if this was possible, searching for example “Patented” won’t give you all the results from under the “Patented” category, because the category (term) selectors are filters.
To search in all term names (within all taxonomies) related to each post you can activate the “Search in terms? (categories, tags)” option on the bottom of the General Options -> Sources tab. Please be aware that this might affect the search performance greatly.